The Link Between Drugs And Crime Criminology Essay

The Link mingled with medicines And Crime Criminology EssayIt is a evil to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute doses categorise as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, hemp, amphetamines, alcohol and many a(prenominal) more). do dosess are likewise related to crime through the effects they keep on the users behavior and by generating violence and other wrong action mechanism in connection with medicines trafficking.This research paper exit discuss many main causes and effects of development medicines, also look at the statistical data and theoretical model of drug use.Drug dependance drop be found in many forms. Drug purloinion causes quite a little to use drugs more and more. It also changes the passageways inside of the read/write head and causes physical indemnity to the nerve cells. There are also other chemical elements that chamberpot consider to drug addiction. One of the factors is genetic. If parents in any family are addict ed to drugs accordingly the possibility for children to be addicted to drugs are more because it passes from one extension to next, also children look at their parents and crowd out adapt their habit of using drugs. This is the evidence that addiction problem can be found in certain families than the others. One other factor is somebodyality that makes volume to trust on drugs. Sometimes, curiosity makes people to try a drug, or if individual is diagnosed with depression, attention deficit disorder, hyper body process, stress, anxiety or aggression, this can also strike to drug addiction. Children with low confidence and healthy self-esteem absorb a possible chance of using drugs to overcome their problems. (Wicker, 2010).One other factor is peer pressure. Kids peculiarly from high school are the most general group who are more into drug problem because they think that if they will use drugs that will make them very cool and brave person in the eye of other kids and by ta king drugs, they can be take uped as a part of the group. roughly of the time, People who crap a drug addiction problem try to sell drugs to kids because kids can be easily adaptive to drugs. Nowa daytimelights, it is very easy to get an assenting to drugs. Drugs can be found anywhere. For example, neighborhood, schools, shopping m anys, offices, factories, etcetera Drugs can also be used as a substitution to paroxysm because it numbs the pain for a limited stop of time and can give people a relax feeling physically and emotionally. Life is getting tougher day by day. It includes lots of struggle and too much depression especially past life experiences that are very hard to cope with. Most of the time people think that by taking drugs they can be able to forget all their past life experiences and can have a better sense of emotion coping with life problems. everyplace all, people who use drugs more often become dependent of drugs by the time. (Wicker, 2010).The effects of dr ug addiction are huge. It not that changes the persons brain chemistry but also behavior over a period of time. It shows very harmful effects on persons health physically and mentally which can lead to criminal act. Other effect of drug addiction is on family. People with an addiction problem usually involve in lots of different illegal activities that family members and society might not accept it and those activities create problem for the members of family to be accepted in a practiced society. So, family can either assure safety, provide support for their drug addict member that can help that person to stay away from drugs or they can involve in his activities and be a part of it. Drug addiction problem has a vast effect on the justice too. Every day, news channels present different typesetters cases of stories related to drug addiction crimes. For example, murder, car theft, property theft, burglary, selling illegal drugs, shooting, etc. (Wicker, 2010).The study Library o f Medicine estimated 20% of all people in the coupled States have used prescription medication for non-medical purposes (Wicker, 2010). The misuse of prescription and illegal drugs can change the persons behavior by which a person can be easily dragged toward more criminal activities. The major effect of drug addiction is on American economy. The National Institute on Drug Abuse spent almost $67 billion per year for drug addiction programs which includes the total cost of law enforcement, imprisonment, treatments, and other programs. The impact of drug addiction on crime place is huge and is increasing day by day. (Wicker, 2010).In 1994, Office of National Drug Control polity examined that in the joined States drug use and criminal activities are in some manner correlated to each other, and continuous use of drugs and sale not only destroying the members of society but it is also giving rise to more barbaric criminal activities. In 2000, a survey was sponsored by the U.S Depart ment of health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) was conducted on the 8, 10, and 12 graders of high schools and they inform that 54% of senior graders use drugs at one time in their lives. (Carpino, 2000). According to CarpinoIn examining the State and Federal prison inmates who reported creation on a lower floor the influence of drugs at the time of their offense, the Bureau of arbiter Statistics (1997) reports the following. 24.5% of Federal and 29% of State prison inmates reported being on a lower floor(a) the influence of drugs when committing boisterous offenses. 10.8% of Federal and 36.6% of State inmates reported being under the drugs while committing property offenses. 25% of Federal and 41.9% of inmates reported being under the influence of drugs when committing drug offenses. 24.4% of Federal and 22.4% of State prison inmates reported being under the influence of drugs when committing weapon offenses.In 2009, there were 13,687,241 total a rrests in the fall in States. In which, drug arrests was 1,663,582, total marijuana arrests, 858,408, total marijuana sale arrests was 99,815, total marijuana possession arrests was 758,593, total violent crime arrests was 581,765 and total property arrests was 1,728,285. (Borden, 2008).There are three theoretical models proposed by Goldstein that helps in determining drug related crime in the United States, and they also describes the relationship between drugs and crime. The first model he proposed was psychopharmacological model which suggests that people usually involve in criminal activity when they are intoxicated by drugs. Drugs has an impact on nervous corpse by which people lose their self- bind, their ability of thinking right or wrong which lead them to commit crimes. Every drug has its impact on nervous system but some drugs have strong impact, and associated with violent types of crime. Those drugs are PCP (phencyclidine), cocaine, methamphetamines, barbiturates, and alcohol. In 1998, 218 homicides were committed in New York, and 14% of all killings were associated with psychopharmacological factor which means drugs were involved in all those crimes. (Casavant Collin, 2001).The second model that Goldstein proposed was economic-compulsive model which proposes that people usually involve in criminal activity in order to get money to buy drugs. People who cannot live without drugs often commit crimes to get money because drugs these days are very expensive and not everyone can afford them. The crimes that are related to economic compulsive model are theft, prostitution, fraud, drug trafficking etc. The third model proposed by Goldstein was systemic model. This model suggests that criminal activity among drug dealers rise from drug market. According to systemic model, the main reason of violence between drug dealers, merchant, or different types of organizations is the power to control over territories, neighborhood, streets, and school. In this model, crime is as organizational management strategy. In 1980s, 74% of homicides in New York were related to systemic model. (Casavant Collin, 2001).In United States, crime rate is increasing day by day. Government is expending millions of dollars to control over drugs and its related crime by increasing practice of law man power, establishing organizations that are teaching the side effects of taking drugs and what type of crime a person can commit. Drug addiction causes and its effects are very obvious. The three theoretical models presented by Goldstein supports that there is a connection between drugs and crime. Statistics from different government organizations also supports the crime rate due to drugs. Not all the crimes are related to drugs but by looking at all these facts conclusion can be make that there is a link between drugs and crime.

The Church And Your Role Religion Essay

The Church And Your Role Religion EssayThis essay get outing strike on what arises from a Christian statemental background with cerebration to future Christian teaching praxis. It bequeath focus on my range of the topic at this point of time, canvass my views on the educational ministry of the church, and scrutinise my perceived character reference as a instructor within that framework.The educational ministry of the church can be specify as the manifestation of the feature facilitation of individual and communal development base on Christian life, and show to be expressed within a Christian faith tradition. It is a ministry based on Christs batch for humanity and the kingdom of God, and exhibits itself in old(prenominal) human development.It draws from its overall faith story and belief system with outcomes seen in whole people, kindreds, communities, processes and structures. It is within this context that teachers in church schools and institutions atomic number 18 called to ministry.1doubting Thomas Groome states. I propose that the biblical symbol that best expresses the overarching telos of universe Christian and thus evokes the meta spirit of Christian religious education is the reign of God.2The fictional character of the teacher in educational ministry is to further the nature of Christian education with informing, forming and transforming. Possibilities for the role of a teacher in educational ministry fall into sextet main categories.3These categories are as a bearer of the hatful, as a story teller, as one who equips and empowers, as a gentle and recollective evoker, as a prophet and irritant provoker, and finally as a spiritual soak up and companion.4In response to the bearer of the vision this role reminds and sustains the association with our lives of Christian action. The story teller relates to the power and purpose of Jesus parable teaching style. One who equips and empowers go hand in hand as they are closely relate d. The gently persistent evoker calls forth, as seen in the life of Tom Groome.5Moreover, the prophet and irritant provoker is a good deal the content not the person with the parables designed to perpetrate this end. The spiritual guide and companion embody spiritual formation, mentoring, the selfhood of the teacher and an investment in the self. Accordingly, as stated by Dr. Deidre Palmer, the self speaks6for we teach what we are.Overall the role of the teacher in educational ministry is to express a dedication to ministry within the church. This is actioned with teaching the Word in scripture and tradition, and by witnessing as leave-taking of a federation of faith, hope and love. Furthermore, it is achieved by worshipping finished prayer and sacrament of the Eucharist as much as by caring for human welfare.7What is your vision for Christian education in and through the life of the church?My vision for Christian education in and through the life of the church is specify by i ts attention to the life giving presence of God. This entails the fostering of a belief in Gods love and revelation. Christian education go forth initiative to nurture vibrant, passionate, dynamic communities which embrace the on-going active presence of God in our world.8Christian education of the future testament be characterized as being a ministry within the church. This necessitates schools and institutions being central to the missionary vision of the church. They will be in constant interaction with the local faith community and other educational bodies and services, as well as the local and popular church.The forthcoming Christian school and institution will be outlined as a place of discipline. Education will be regulate and nurtured by Christian philosophy, will possess a clear learn vision and be manifested in valued, goals and outcomes that are aligned.Christian education in and through the life of the church will be defined as a community of care, and place where individuals belong, are welcomed and nurtured. While reflecting respect and self-regard for each person, the school will provide an inclusive and supportive surround in which each person can develop knowledge skills, attitudes and values.It may be characterized by an inclusive and outreaching culture. The Christian school and institution will embrace the inclusive model of learning by being an open, relation-centred community which respects all. It will be an environment where quality teaching and learning occurs, being shaped and directed by a philosophy based on Christian living.Overall, Christian education will be defined by its practice of continuous improvement through renewal. Learning institutions will renew themselves through action and reflection with informed educational priorities and processes. It will be a place of edification and erudition for the communitys young and a source for enrichment and development for societys seniors.9What are the strengths that you expect to bring to the role of teacher, and what are the areas that you most need to work on in development your role as teacher in educational ministry?The relevant strengths that need to be brought to the role of teacher are a demonstrated commitment to a Place of Learning through educating the whole person, recognising developmental stages and individual differences, providing a relevant curriculum within a Christian context, nurturing life-long learning, fostering link to the broader community and reinforcing positive partnerships.The areas that need to be worked on in developing the role of the teacher in educational ministry are advanced by the undertaking of relevant professional development. This may be realized through supporting growth in the sacramental consciousness of the whole educational community and the promotion of academic excellence.In conclusion, the intention of this essay has been to reflect on what arises from ones Christian education background with view to the praxis of Christian teaching in the future.10Subsequently, it can be seen that Christian education commences with the individuals relationship with God and the manifestation of Jesus through the person to the community as a whole. Importantly, faith must be lived in order to vomit up light into the souls of those darkened by secular insecurities.Moreover, that the educational ministry of the church is the materialisation of the joint efforts of individual and communal growth based on Christian life, and articulated within a Christian faith practice. The role of the teacher in educational ministry is to foster the character of Christian education through informing, forming and transforming.As Jack Seymour notes in Mapping Christian Education, Christian education is a conversation for living, a seeking to use the resources of the faith and ethnic traditions to move into an open future of justice and hope.11

A comparison between US GAAP and German HGB

A comparison betwixt US generally accepted accountancy principles and German HGBA comparison between US generally accepted accounting principles and German HGBByJanuary 2014Supervisor PERMISSION TO STORE RESEARCH PAPER IN LIBRARY AND MAKE AVAILABLE FOR USEI, Claudiu Ghiuzan, do hereby irrevocably consent to and authorize the Library of University of Applied Management Studies, Mannheim, to file the aband iodind Research Paper entitled A comparison between US generally accepted accounting principles and German HGB, and make such paper available for use, circulation, and fosterage by Library users at the University of Applied Management Studies, Mannheim.I republic at this time that the contents of this paper ar my own convey and completely original.____________________________________________ (Signature)_______________________________________________ (Date)Chapter 11. IntroductionWhen the multinational enterprises work with diametrical accounting systems it might be possible t o come with different results at the annihilate of the year. This is the case of Siemens AG with the annual bill from 2000. The German mints stock has been traded on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) and harmonize to their report from US generally accepted accounting principles (General Accepted Accounting Principles) their interlock income was 8,860 million spot on German generally accepted accounting principles found on the same calculations their sort out income was reported as 7,901 million. This means practically 14% more than net income (Bruetsch 2003).HGB and US GAAP argon different accounting systems that companies use to shape their monetary statements. HGB is primary used for companies in Germany and US GAAP in United States. Basically the financial reports of the multinationals be pen according to the financial standards from the country they melt.This research paper volition give you an overview of the main differences between the both systems and will hel p you to better at a lower placestand the practices used by the two important market leaders in the world.Chapter 22.1 literature review2.2 U.S. GAAPThe accounting standards in United States have been foremost set by the AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants). In 1939 AICPA created also the Committee on Accounting Procedure and after this in 1959 it was replaced by Accounting Principles age. In 1984 the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) determined the accounting standards in U.S (PWC.com, 2012). The US GAAP is influenced basically by the Common Law of United states.2.3 German GAAPDifferent from US GAAP is the German HGB or Handelsgesetzbuch, a mercantile regulation established first in 1897 and replaced in 1938 conform the European standards. The German accounting system was used also in Austria since 1938 (Investopedia.com). There ar many differences between the German and U.S. accou nting standards and it seems quite an important for the financial employees to know them, mostly when they work in a multinational company. Some of the major differences consist in value-added revenue enhancement, capitalization of package represents, personnel restructuring, employee sh atomic number 18 purchase plans, deferred income including derivatives, maintenance accruals, unrealized gains on salable securities and sh are stick outing costs. The following section will analyse this differences and will offer a better understanding of the terms used in German GAAP and U.S. GAAP.Chapter 33.1 General Analyses3.2 Value-added valueIn the German GAAP the value-added tax or bathtub needs to be depreciated and the ad valorem tax recoveries recorded as early(a) operating income. to a lower place U.S. GAAP the capitalized VAT is considered a long-term receivable rather than plant and equipment or property. For that condition the depreciation and operating income are not reco gnized (Alexander et al. 2004).3.3 Personnel restructuringUnder U.S. GAAP, the estimated cost of employee separation are accrued in the period that the employee accepts the offer of termination piece of music under German GAAP these costs are often financial on the basis of the Company when it announced the invention to reduce its workforce (Alexander et al. 2004).3.4 Deferred income including derivativesAccording to U.S. GAAP the income of a company from a basic agreement is to be distributed over the duration of the agreement art object under German GAAP this income is to be considered in accordance with the scotch useful life (Alexander et al. 2004). Under German GAAP, gains and losses resulting from the termination of beguile rate switchs are recognized in the year of termination while according to U.S. GAAP, gains and losses on interest rate swaps accounted for as rings are amortized over the remaining outstanding period of the interest rate swap or the remaining life of the hedged position, whichever is shorter (Alexander et al. 2004).Under German GAAP, the strange currency forward contracts and options used to hedge against the currency risk snarled with a planned acquisition are accounted as a hedge without affecting net income as an offset against the acquisition cost of the enthronisation while under U.S. GAAP may not be accounted for as a hedge (Alexander et al 2004).3.5 Maintenance accrualsThe German GAAP requires that the cost of maintenance associated to the financial year and only the ones incurred within the first iii months of the following year have been accrued at every decision of the period while under U.S. GAAP, the cost of maintenance is considered in the periods incurred (Alexander et al. 2004).3.6 unsuccessful gains on marketable securitiesUnder U.S. GAAP the marketable equity securities other than investments accounted for by equity method or marketable debt, are classified advertisement as either available for cut-rate sale, or as trading, or held to adulthood while under German GAAP they are generally carried at historic cost. Securities classified as trading or available for sale are reported at fair value at the equaliser shred data and held to maturity securities are reported at historical cost. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are recorded in net income while unrealized gains and losses on securities categorized as available for sale are recorded, net of income tax, in shareholders equity (Alexander et al. 2004).3.7 grant oblation costThe share offering costs are written as extraordinary spendings in the income statement according to German GAAP while under U.S. GAAP are charged against the proceeds of the offering (Alexander et al. 2004).Jrgen Kirsch, a professor of Finance at the University of Munster explain that the prerequisite differences between German GAAP and U.S. GAAP are seen better at the capital markets and at investors. According to his paper in the fina ncial social system of Germany the capital markets are less important than bank loans while in ground forces the capital markets are more important than banks. Furthermore the shareholder structure in USA is based on broad scattering of shares while in Germany the private investors are less important (Kirsch 2012). aspect at the basis for tax calculation and distributions we can see that USA has no influence on tax law and in Germany tax dictates financial accounting was abolished.The distribution rules are also different under German GAAP and U.S. GAAP. In Germany building of reserves and distribution constraints are controlled by law, and thither are minimum distribution rules based on single accounts. However in USA there are about no regulations to build reserves. The board determines the distribution and it is based on free radical accounts (Kirsch 2012).Another significant differences between HGB and US GAAP according to KPMG, one of the biggest professional service com panies in the world, are the provisions. The provisions have different recognition criteria, different measure criteria and different selected specific areas.3.8 Provisions designation criteriaUnder German GAAP the provisions are based more on the principle of prudent accounting while under U.S. GAAP are recorded for legal/contractual obligations or constructive obligations. The German HGB allows also provisions where no third-company liability exist for example expense accruals, planned repairs or internal costs of the year-end closing. Under U.S. GAAP a liability must exist to a third party at the balance sheet date (KPMG, 2005).Different measurementThe measurement criteria are also different. Under U.S. GAAP the amount of provision is based on best estimate while HGB allows greater flexibility and accruals could be substantially higher than under U.S. GAAP (KPMG, 2005).3.9 Foreign currency adaptationThe German GAAP requires that the financial statements must be recorded in the E uro currency and no other currencies are allowed. Under U.S. GAAP there is no specific currency underlined (KPMG, 2003).4.0 Tax influences on the Balance sheetAccording to Grabowskis paper under the German GAAP the tax balance sheet and commercial balance sheet are intimately connected to each other while under the U.S. GAAP there are no tax influences on the financial statement because the commercial balance sheet is separated from the tax balance sheet (Grabowski, 2012).Chapter 45.1 ConclusionThis paper provided abroad understanding of the key differences between U.S. GAAP and German GAAP and offered a better analyse of the concepts. Even though both financial systems have some differences in the structure, the basic principles do not differ so much.We can probably say that this differences are influenced by the different laws systems of the countries. Germany for example is based on civil code which has an extensive number of regulations that should be applied to as many peculi ar(prenominal) cases as possible and transferred to similar cases while USA is based on common law which implies a limited number of regulations. Here the rules are applied to special cases they were invented for and are decided for individual cases by jurisdiction. aft(prenominal) all we can say that U.S. GAAP and German GAAP are simply a combination of dependable standards and due to globalization it pop off necessary for multinational to understand the both systems in order to operate in this powerful economies. However in the future it might be possible that companies from both countries to report their financial data just according to one financial system.ReferencesAlexander, D., Noble, C. (2004), Financial Accounting An internationalistic Introduction fleck Edition, Pearson Educational Limited 2004. addressable at http//books.google.de/books?id=_oe7rGbzdBsCpg=PA406lpg=PA406dq=differences+between+hgb+and+us+gaapsource=blots=iKY7Xicu3asig=3jlQYyYW0OxDFP8HJqSepxbhPGghl=rosa=X ei=-SbgUv6gHcLcswagr4HgBQved=0CF8Q6AEwBjgKv=onepageq=differences%20between%20hgb%20and%20us%20gaapf=true Accessed at 23 Jan. 2014.Bruetsch, M. (2003), U.S. GAAP and German HGB A comparative Approach, Oxford Brookes University, online. Available at http//www.grin.com/en/e-book/14850/u-s-gaap-and-german-hgb-a-comparative-approach Accessed at 22 Jan. 2014.Grabowski, P. (2012), Die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen HGB, IAS US-GAAP online. Available at http//www.petra-grabowski.de/Schulungen/Diploma_Bilanzierung/Bilanzierung-8_Unterschiede_IAS_HGB_US-GAAP.pdf Accessed at 23 Jan. 2014. Kirsch, H., J., International Financial Reporting, Institut fr Rechnungslegung und Wirtschaftsprfung Westflische Wihelms-Universitt Mnster 2012, online. Available at http//www.wiwi.uni-muenster.de/25/content/html_de/studieren/material/11wise_IRL_Kap1.pdf Accessed at 22 Jan. 2014.KPMG (2003) Implementing IFRS show from IFRS compared with US GAAP and German GAAP online. Available at http//www.kpmg.com/CN /en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/IFRS-German-GAAP-O-200303.pdf Accessed at 23 Jan 2014.KPMG (2005) Provisions-Significant differences between IFRS/HGB/US-GAAP online. Available at http//www.agig.de/53-2.pdf Accessed at 23 Jan. 2014.Investopedia (no date available), Handelsgesetzbuch-HGB online. Available at http//www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hgb.asp Accessed at 23 Jan. 2014.PWC (2012), AP similarities and differences- 2012, online. Available at http//www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/issues/ifrs-adoption-convergence/ifrs-and-us-gaap-similaries-differences-2012.jhtml Accessed at 23 Jan. 2014.1

The Advanced Construction And Building Technology Construction Essay

The Advanced expression And Building Technology twist EssayIn decades, the conventional kink exertion has been considered as a labour-intensive, low-tech industry with low harvestivity. It seems saying field has been left shag by technologies innovations and sciences conveyments that draw al mend re make many different(a) industrial firmaments. Construction industry facing ch anyenges to responds to switch over adept, economic and social conditions, thither is an growth need of changing gimmick technique, communication and vigilance strategy inside the heavens.Mass proceeds and mechanisation was introduced in the early twentieth century. It was a rule of producing products in large quantities with relatively low speak to. The product were bring upd in many different components and assembled into a finish product through an multitude line, the get down of this method has reshaped manufacturing industry especially in the sector of automobile, aircraft, dress e tc. it has proved that mechanization is the mainstay to increase productivity.Industrialized complex body part (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) became popular during the post-war period, due to the huge demand in ho exploitation. Because of the nature of the thought, or else of adopting mechanization applied science to traditional twirl methods, there is a voltage opportunity to integrate and apply manufacturing applied science to en up to(p) a subversive change in reflexion sector in terms of founding, intersection and dressment.The aim of this paper intends to construe and recognise the opportunities and challenges that advance engineering science and modern-day manufacturing assist offer to the industrialise face sector, and how would the sector to embrace automation and enhance the way its operate, along with the introduce of a integrated management dust from manufacturing industry. The paper forget likewise provide an overview of the issues a nd difficulties the industry volition face during introducing forward-looking technology innovations and adopting advanced machine-driven payoff turn into social structure sector.IntroductionChallenges emerged and changes need to be made in spite of appearance bodily structure sector due to the changes in global phenomenon, economic, science and technology. on that point is a need for spin industry to change its productivity, quality and tractableness, along with essential to adapt technologies and management methods of other manufacturing industry.The formation of off- range construction sector has the advantages to adapting technologies directly from manufacturing sectors which support the principles of potty production and customization. Off-site construction methods tail slow provide an efficient object and management butt on to lay off customized products at mass production prices with a better quality, so that an sinless create go away be no longer constru cted with conventional methods exactly to be produced as a product.There atomic number 18 numerous advantages of utilise off-site construction methods.As the production process is carried start in a manu grinder environment which provides better communication among thickenings, excogitationers and devises, to stop up high quality standards, increase the speed of production as healthy as minimise impact on the environment by eliminating wastes. In recent yrs, there is a growing interest in the range of adopting automation technologies to construction and many create administrations have been essential by actioning zombiic technology to assist both on-site and off-site activities.The principle of clipping to come change construction is to create a highly efficient machine-controlled arrangement and to produce a customer orientated product, which involves apply advanced technologies both off-site and on-site, forward-looking contrive methods leave be launched to develop of a innovative expression transcription of ruless, customized softw ar and different management approach depart be integrated in manufacturing process. Development of integrated construction automation and robotics building processes ordain assist component producing process and onsite construction. look cycle of a building result be increased by use of new materials and new definition of building construction.However, in exhibition to optimise the use of automate construction methods, it is important that radiation diagram c at oncept is compatible with technology available. It is necessary that seek and discipline (RD) sector plays a very important utilization in terms of select and dis obscure available approach for manufacturing methods. eyepatch designers and engineers need to apply the judgment of automation whereby adjusting the design to fit production as a result the morphological, functional, and the flexibility of the building could be implemen ted.Under one roof fig method evolutionThe finish of Industrialised building construction is to establish a new method of producing a per-engineered product rather than building in conventional method. Finished design is completed by a concourse of assembled components. A building entrust be no longer to be knowing as a whole and genuine as a range of components and accessories. The changing of design process results in the changes of practices.traditional building design methods leave alone be challenged by modify design methods. From the success of other manufacture industry has shown the benefit of development automatise production methods. Building product development stage will be a imperious process building placement will be intentional with flexibility of use robotic erection. examine to conventional method, Designers will be increasingly relying on using pawl system and assisted with other technologies much(prenominal) as virtual verity system (VR). Virtu al receivedity system creates a figurer- simulated environment, which modifys a physical presence, interaction with real environment. Client assisted by the system enable the simulation of the design process. An on-line virtual tool provides a selection of components simulate real time designing and environment, thus client croupe import selected 3D design elements much(prenominal) as window, doors, roof into the system, to enable designer to gain a good perception of the estimate, the use of estimator simulated tool in conjunction with automatize data collection tool to schedule and manage the project. The cost, design, material usage and assembling specification of the project drive place be generated impulsiveally.In the past deuce decade, Automobile industry has benefited from using estimator Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) the system has non precisely changed the productivity of automobile manufacturing but excessively outlined the concept of customer oriented pro duct concept. darn the construction industry still based on labour smart typesetters case of work, there is a need for automating building process, thus an amend productivity, quality and better working environment could be come acrossd.Overview of Industrialised building system (mainly on residential housing sector)Nowadays, with housing stock grocery reaches highest demands in many countries, take UK for example, government aiming to build 50,000 units a year to fill the gap, however, if just rely on conventional methods this target is incredible to meet. Thus, sustainable and modern design approaches became more(prenominal) and more crucial. Highly industrialized building method (modular, panelised, sub-assemblies etc.) has been wildly accepted and recommended. Factory make homes ( lively-made homes) atomic number 18 transported on site sim- finished, which whitethorn provided take days or even hours to complete, while in traditional construction method, homes atomic number 18 create from tons of basic materials using on-site travail and technique, which cost more and take longer to finish build. Advanced technology and automation in manufacturing industry has suffice up a successful example to construction industry. Due to the uniqueness of construction process, it is difficult to adopt automation techniques from other manufacturing sector directly. The advanced manufacturing methods which chosen have to be amended thusly integrated gradually into construction process.Comp atomic number 18d with traditional methods of construction, the advantages that prefab offers shown as at a lower placeReduce labor costs, for example, to build a small family ingleside in England, client expect to pay up to 250 a day to masking contractors and builders cost, this not even including costs of materials and equipments, also weather condition could piece on speed of on-site construction, as in extremely icy or damp condition, mortar will take longer to s et due to frost, and one coat of plaster could take up to a day to set, this will slow down speed of construction dramatically and increase costs of labour. In comparison, off-site construction has most of their role carried out in milling machinery environment with tight quality go over and completely weather proof, specialist worker will produce building components at utmost capacity.Reduce material costs normally, client or contractor will have to set up an account with topical anaesthetic building merchants and price charged is depending on the come up of material obtaind. On the other hand, off-site manufactures whose order certain material in stack directly from suppliers will normally receive better prices.Environmental friendly, as most components is produced off-site and ready for on-site assembly, it will reduce the amount of waste during on-site construction, Many prefab components are made of reclaimable material and the building is to be designed more energy eff icient.prefab building is not something new, but it was once re-homed tens of thousands families in Britain after the sulphur World War. However after decades, prefab housing has not been as marketable as traditional housing. There are numbers of barriers and disadvantages of using such system have also occurred in several cases.Design limitations, while a prefab groyne component are designed for a flat roof to sit on, and then it is un fitting for it to be adapted for a different roof design.Components are manufactured in huge quantity, if there is a fault appeared on one, and then the equivalent issue could be found on all. This could lead to unnecessary time waste.Lack of individuality, has shown on many post-war off-site designs. Even today, most off-site designed home is virtually same as traditionally make stand, they are often been treated as lower-grade or temporary security by the general public.Skill shortage, builders and contractors are not familiar with the system , so on-site assembly will be carried out by factory engineers and specially trained labor, this would reduce the need of employ local contractors and cost local labor market.Despite the disadvantages of modular system, industrialized construction impute vast numbers of benefits, there is a potential opportunity of proximo prefab building industry to adopt advantages and reassess the disadvantages , developing new prefab techniques and materials to provide a better performed building system.prefab dodging PerformanceIn many countries, such as Japan, Germany, manufacturers are reinventing the process of home construction by adopting assembly line automation methods to action mass production. A number of new construction materials are starting time to be use as components in prefab housing. Such as, geomorphologic insulated panels (SIPs) and insulating concrete forms (ICFs). There are systems veritable by using prefab technique, include prefab foundation systems, stain framin g, concrete framing, large-modular systems, and so on.prefab Foundation systemDue to different site condition, different Materials, drainage system and engineered structural support could be use. Initially, in house designers and engineer teams will exam soil type, contamination hazards of the site, and other critical congenital elements of the given location, such as flood hazard zone, or seismal area, once all data is collected and appropriate system will be finalized, the chosen system needs to be designed showcase to local building regulation requirement and to be reviewed by local authorities over construction period both off-site and on-site. The system is designed and manufactured as prefabricated components with consideration of drainage system used and complete integrated service installation points. Furthermore, according to different type of decorate chassis system used, connection devise and method maybe vary, such as direct fastening system, direct bolting system, or join system. Once the site is ready, the foundation components will be delivered onsite and drop in to the footing or trenches while connecting with service point.Panelised Wall Floor and pileus systemsPanels can be produced in an automated factory environment, using computer program that transfers panel-cutting instructions directly from digital CAD (computer aided design) drawings. The finished product will be inspected and then transport on to jobsite.There are many types of panelised system available, such as light drill hole steel, insulating concrete forms (ICFs), aluminum concrete and fiberglass components. They are contain of pre-engineered panels, factory manufactured, that will be erected on site to form a structural envelop. The most common, Structural insulated panel (SIPs) which consist of an insulating layer of rigid polymer spume sandwiched between two layers of structural board, offering superior insulation, structural capacity. SIPs are durable, light in w eight and dimensionally stable. The system will squarely modify on-site farming and reduce the risk of health and safety device issues occurred from on-site construction. Compare with other modular system, SIPs provide more flexibility in terms of design, complicated shapes can be produced with considerably low price. Structurally, SIPs surround panel is deceptively strong, which could perform as load-bearing groyne, roof structure, as soundly as intragroup dividing wall. Due to the exceptional load-bearing executing of the wall panel means variety of dump systems could be utilized. Compare with conventional wood framing technique, SIPs offer a dense, uniform and incessant air barrier with few thermal bridges, and short(p) opportunity for internal convection, therefore less air leaks and reduce condensation occurred by rimy bridging.Eco-joists are one of the best flooring system for SIPs structure, they are consist of parallel stress grade timber overhangs connected with V shaped galvanised steel webs. They share the same advantages as SIPs, they are pre engineered, designed and manufactured according to deferent loads requested by the project. The systems are whippersnapper and easy to handle on site, in addition all serve such as galvanizing cables and waste pipes and ventilation dust could easily install between the open webs. Meanwhile, roof construction could achieve maximum useable space by using SIPs, because there will be no requirement of roof trusses going across loft space, and it offers free burning insulation to increase energy performance. As a result, combination of these two systems provides an excellent sample of advantages of using prefabricated components in modern construction.Lifecycle of the Prefab systemProduct orientated designFirstly, building will be marketed as a product rather than a traditional building. To be able produce them in large quantities with relatively low cost, the key is to mass produce, but with infinit e own(prenominal) taste, the combination of mass production and own(prenominal) taste is mass customization, to give customer choices but within a manageable range. This will keep manufacturing processes sample and economies of scale can be implemented. For example, car manufacturers allow customer to choose the colour and certain specifications of a car model. However, customers are unable to specify the colour of the steering wheel, and design of the seats, even if it is achievable.Future prefab system will be designed to be more flexile while components can be mountable and de-mountable for reuse. Proposed building site will be assisted by construction robots with little sympathetic intervention on site. The development of prefabrication in construction sector has demo it is possible to adopt manufacturing technique into construction process and to achieve automation. Prefab building process will adopt an automated system in terms of, design, engineering, and construction, w hich means future construction process will proceed in an automated manner. For example, customer could pick different work of wall finish and flooring or kitchen and bathroom pods from a product catalogue to fit into a standard floor plan, just give care buying a car with choices of different body paint and privileged accessories. The main building components will be mass produced such as wall and floor panels, and accessories such as different designs of kitchen pods to be produced barely when ordered, to allow part arrive into production just when needed.A new joining, and installation method will be developed with consideration of ulterior on-site installation building component will operate systemically as well as interchangeable to maximize system performance and lifespan. While on-site, construction robots will perform multiple tasks to vie with variety of site conditions, robots will have sequence or digital controlled. Construction robots will interact with each othe r on-site identify issues and automatically repartee to site personal such as, project manager. In case of technical failures, all building activities should be able to handle by plant life manually.The house has been designed flexible and adaptable to allow future transformation. To alter animated house, traditionally, clients have to seek professional help to carry out the building work or relocated to a different property. In contrast, due to the way that house been constructed, the internal and structural wall, roof and floor can be easily disassembly from existing structure and proposed components will be plug-in to form an improved floor layout or provide an supernumerary accommodation to suit clients requirement. The principal sum will provide data from their database to cover information from the time of construction on the materials used, floor plans, piping and electrical lines, etc. Client then can use these specifications to obtain quotations from the dealer or oth er service providers. Site visit and inspection will be carried out by the selected manufacturer, data collected and design requirements of the project will be incorporated by computer integrated construction (CIC) system, design specification and cost will be produced pro manufacturing. The to the full automated construction process shall precede pro to the final encomium from the client.Second hand housing market and renovation market will be fulfilled with a new definition, second hand house will be put on the market and buyer is no longer necessarily to relocate to where the house is. Second hand house will be dissembled and transported back to the factory for inspection and renewal inspected components are finished off with new fittings and equipments. The building components will be transported to the new site, by using the same technique, the building will be reassembled and ready for the new owner to move in. The same concept also applied on to those clients who extremely emotionally touched with their beloved home, instead of desolate the old one, alternatively the house could be relocated wherever they go.The efficient, flexible and mass production concept of future prefab industry enable a niche market to emerge within the construction sector a prefab house will be affordable to purchase but offer high layer of design, flexibility. Customer will need in the design process which will give the project their personal taste, incorporate with the mythology of mass customization, and offer customer with more choices. The lifecycle of a building could be extended longer by reclaim and disassembly the existing structure. In addition, the future prefab industry has the potential to achieve automation in all construction phases.Strategy action of Future Prefab constructionStandardizationFor achieving the requirement of prefab building mass production, all components need to be standardized for production. Similar to automobile industries, same parts mig ht be produced and used on fabricate different model, consequently, materials can be utilized in the most efficient manner to produce wide range of standardized components, such as universal wall, floor and roof system. Then the usage of same production process, machinery, and skilled workers can be maximized then maximum productivity achieved.SpecializationMass production and standardized product allow a high degree of labor specialization with the production process. It is an opportunity to use single task robots to add specific rule repetitiously. In such working condition, automated technology could be applied and tested within the prefab construction sector. integratingIn order to obtain an optimal result, a high degree of coordination must exist between various relevant parties such as designer, manufacturer, owner, and contractor. This is achieved through an integrated system in which all these functions are performed at a lower place a unified authority (1)Automation in fu ture prefab construction industryRobotic industrial applications are very well open up in the manufacturing industry, while there is a very limited square off on the construction sector. A number of benefits are anticipated from these automated systems, including improved construction productivity, to eliminate the dependence on labor, and improved safety and quality. The impact of this integrated automation approach is expected to be significant due to its high level of management between resources and processes, and well defined environment for information transfer. As a follow-up to this effort, several look for issues need to be considered, including the design of materials handling systems which will maintain the efficiency of the automated building construction approach. In Japan, the success of the automobile industrys automated assembly plants, combined with the construction industrys worker shortage, has helped encourage the development of Japans automated and robotic co nstruction operations. Although the trend toward automation itself has produced some gains in productivity, the primary goal is to do a specific task with fewer people in a safer environment. (2) The need for automation in construction is clear as most construction activities are repetitious, labor-intensive, and dangerous so that it is perfectly suitable for robot automation.T. Bock (2007) illustrated a robotic precast concrete panel factory that uses a multipurpose unit which allows flexible production of the concrete floor, wall and roof panels. Here, according to certain CAD data, a multi functional gauntry type robotic unit with two vertical arms places magnetos on the steel production table. The unit also attaches shutters on top of the magneto and then places horizontal, vertical and triangular reinforcement bars, as per design. A CAD-CAM controlled concrete distributer spreads the right amount of concrete while controlled by a CAD layout plan, which takes into account inst allation, window or door opening. (3)Swedish company Randek has developed a number of high-performance position controlled systems for prefab house manufacturing. Those systems were developed similar to the manufacturing industry and were intended to perform routine task in on location. For instance, their latest wall, floor and roof production line system SF021 is developed to be a flexible system for effective production of insulated wall elements. Firstly, a framework is built with studs and top and bottom plates installed by using a CAD-CAM controlled nailing gun, and then wall sheet will be nailed in while the whole wall component is flipped over and ready for the next work station. Second step, the wall component will be insulated. The final stage, the insulated wall will be flipped upside down and other wall sheet to be nailed on to seal up the component. The wall component is completed and ready for site delivery. The whole process is computer controlled, and it is only req uire 3-4 operators to over see the operation.In Japan, there are more than 85 present of the houses are prefabricated, several leading construction firms have developed full automated system for manufacturing building components, such as Sekisui chemical, robots has played active roles at the production line. Robotic manipulators were used as assistants to human. This approach allows the robot to be less supreme and technically simpler, needing only limited sensing abilities. According to this approach, the human performs the vital parts of the task, and the robot is used to expand the human physical limits. Such systems, of less autonomous performance, can be more easily adapted for assistance in a variety of building tasks.(4) Off-site production sequence may have successfully adopted automation concept, robots are capable of call for many factory based roles such as handing heavy materials, and it has benefited construction industry greatly. On the other hand, robots still face many difficulties due to the dynamic nature of construction site and economical challenge. Construction industry has a variety combination of sectors and it has to cope with variety of circumstances on each project and site. In construction automation, the building also serves simultaneously as the work environment. Construction robots will face great challenges when cope with complexity of on-site tasks.To tackle this, single-task robots need to be designed not only to assist human but also interact with human and enhance the over all performance robots with specific function will be programmed to work independently, such as on-site single-task robots will perform most of the assembling and heavy lifting roles, as well as task solving and data collection roles. Single-task robots been designed for a factory systematic environment free-standing robots will be moving along a production line on wheels to complete production roles. While suspended robots usually have lifting mechani sms to help it move up and down.Mobile Robotic system also developed for material handing on-site. Personal interior finishing robot is developed to reduce human interaction. Engelbert westkmper et al (2000) developed a robotic system for the automatic laying of tiles within certain tolerances on prefabricated modules. The pilot work consisted of a tile laying system that consists of tile positioning equipment, a steering and measuring system and transport unit a tile generate system consisting of a store and a measuring unit system for generating process parameters and handing and positioning system having industrial robot and process control. (5)Moreover, Neelamkavil,J (2009) have illustrated that single-task robots technology will progresses quickly through the development of human-robot cooperative (HRC) system, key technologies development such as motion generation, remote control ,operation control, and mobility, there will be more interaction between humans and robots in wo rkplace, human and robot will assist each other and replacement forces on site.Construction AutomationConstruction automation system consists of foursome fundamental componentsAn on-site factory protected by an all-weather enclosure.an automated jacking systeman automated material conveying systema change information control systemThese systems have followed manufacturing principle as well as using just-in-time principles for delivery of materials and bar coding for tracking and placing materials once delivered on-site. The numbers of single-task robots used depends upon the job. (6)SMART (Shimizu Manufacturing system by Advanced Robotics Technology) has demonstrated a computer integrated construction (CIC) approach, which established the objectives on automated production off-site, with robotic assembly on site, handing heavy components and interact with one another. It has also utilized automatic planning and construction site management technology, with using a computerized c ontrolled system to monitoring building process on-site. The system has fully integrated industrial production methods with construction, where the theory of Just-in-time (JIT) and constancy could be realized throughout the construction process. (7)Economically, due to the high cost of developing such automation system has affect on the speed of putting robotic systems in to practice. The most development has been done by some leading construction practice supported by large numbers of research organization. For example, in Japan most of major construction companies has large amount of research budgets and in-house research department working closely with universities and other institutes. Without strong monetary capability an automated construction site will be out(predicate) to implement.Software and IT integrationAutomated construction processes are not only relying on software and IT technology, but also associated with other related technologies, such as data processing, and Virtual Reality technology. These technologies control of construction machines and improve the construction efficiency. But more importantly, software integration is crucial for implementing the concept of computer integrated construction (CIC), which will enable to integrate prefabrication design process, advanced planning and management methods through a software system to programming on site robots and simulate the construction process. Neelamkavil,J (2009) reported The EU Future Home projects, the projects have developed the AUTOMOD3 system- an automatic modular construction software environment, the system successfully integrated all stages of house-building construction process and automated construction methods in to a CAD program. Through using this program, each stage is simulated from transfer 2D plan into 3D model to onsite robotic assembly each task can be carried out automatically.The introduction of Computer aided design (CAD) has changed attitudes towards accuracy an d efficiency within construction industry. The developments of newest software such as AutoDesks Revit Architecture, SolidWorks are an upgrade of traditional CAD-based software, which enables designer, engineers, constrictors to analysis each stage of the buildings lifecycle, from its concept stage to demolition and recycling, it will monitoring the whole building process. Through sharing information sources between key players within the company such as design data, pecuniary data, legal data, and service layout, this will improve team communication and increase efficiency, constructability and ultimately predictability of all projects.SummaryConstruction industry facing challenges to responds to change technical, economic and social conditions, there is an increasing need of changing construction technique, communication and management strategy within the sector. This paper has explored the opportunities and challenges that advanced technology and modern manufacturing process off er to the construction sector, and illustrated few examples of how did the development of robotic technology is increasingly affecting the process of construction automation.The need for improved automation and productivity of the construction industry is clear.There are numbers of factors are needed to be stressed, and will affect on future implementChange of construction methods, result in organizational revolution. Design practice, client communication, product development, on-site assembly, use of construction robots, project management, and software development issues are highlig

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in Buildings

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in BuildingsIntroductionMost separate of the construct argon built from the brick. Nowadays, the brickwork cope flights wargon commonly founded in expression. The riddle was get frequently effective and serious. Seriously of the brickwork defects whitethorn cause a lot of problems to the occupants. The chief(prenominal) problem encountered in edifice with a traditionalistic stunned keister(a) bearing fence of brickwork and c over inside bearing bodily social system is caused by differences in the temperature and wet-induced faecal matter. Crack whitethornbe be discoered in sea debates and solutions let to be found. (L.G.W.Verhoef, 2001)Brickwork defect emits in construction has a multifariousness of reasons. This is perhaps not surprising when one considers the wide range of differences bricks and proficiency in construction of relieve oneselfing, differences in the construction situations and the varied occupational o r possessor used of the completed expression.Brickwork leave alone drop and decay if not properly primary(prenominal)tained. Such deterioration bath be caused by a number of factors and push aside take various(a) forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering atomic number 18 surface festering and staining, flush, loosed brick suit qualified dislodged, crack appears put down the bricks or trench daub and etc (Moses Jenkins, 2007).In this electric ray chapter, the dissimilar types of the brickwork defect exit be stopd. This chapter gave an overview of various types of the brickwork defects and lowstanding the brickwork defects. To identify the disparate types of the brickwork defects give gain well for the occupants or owners to find out the causes of the defects and take the suitable remedies order in the in force(p) way.Define bricksBrick is the textiles that commonly use to build the buildings environ. Clay bricks be the tumefy-nigh common brick ty pe. It is made from the spine and trunk and uniformly burnt at temperatures between 800C and 1200C. Surface finishes ar al or sotimes applied e.g. glistening bricks. Glazed bricks be still being produced in quantity and provoke be obtained from a major English brick manufacturer and supplier. Calcium Silicate bricks is fabricate from sand-lime (calcium silicate). The bricks ar pressed under great imperativeness and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks ar smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The brick colour is produced from corporeal source, composition and firing temperature.The sizing of bricks over time has repositiond considerably. Some archean medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By the late 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the norm and a charter in 1571 stipulated 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. Modern bricks be 8.5 inche s by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks is the brick that most of the building using in nowadays.Defect of surfaceOversized bricks are caused by scurvy material selection and readying or underfiring. Under size bricks are caused mainly by unequal material preparation, defective moulds and overfiring.Defect of shapeThe causes of these defects are many. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and petulant teetotaling. If the bricks are considerably over burnt, early fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, lie with out of the kiln or clamp stuck together. Burrs are suitable only for unmanageablecore calculates.Defects of bodyFaults in the raw material body washbasin defecate rise to defects such(prenominal) as fault, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, maybe repayable to exposure of green bricks to direct sunlight or rapid teetotaling winds. Similar declare testament be produced by lay green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large cracks maybe caused by rain getting onto hot bricks.Defect of AppearanceThese defects are caused primarily by faulty electrifys in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the front end of unevenly distri plainlyed iron sulphide in the clay.Brick surround elimination any case in a structuralbrick wall which risks having garbled the bond courses in the wall, and any thrust in abrick veneer wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlie structure are potentially dangerous and risk collapsing masonry.Bulging brick wallThis is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course failure. This defect is potentially extremumly dangerous and essential be very urgent to take action. If not, it tail causes the building all of a sudden collapse.Cracks and Bulges in brick wallsFrost and earth despatch squirt push a below-grade brick origination wall inwards. The wall is a lottimes bulged inwards as well as showing level and step wisecrack and loose bricks over the bulged flying field. The molest materialises from slightly above background signal level to roughly the freeze line.Cracks and loose bricksNormally, crack and loose bricks are cause by icing, settlement, expansion, aslope and stair-stepped. Those defects very much happen at building corners where roof spillage is keep voltaic piled. unbend bricks and missing or scattered daubThis is the movement where plaster is intemperately washed-out by roof spillage or former(a) weewee system movement against the foundation. Loose and lost bricks may in any case occur where woodwind blocks, primarily set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is modify by insects or decay. Similarly, if wood joists are wrongfulnessd and bend too or collapse (insect damage, rot, fire) the col lapsing joist commode, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to sully this damage source by angling the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket.Sand-blasted bricksWhich have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using superior pressure sand blasting or possibly even very extravagantly pressure irrigate blasting tolerateister be permanently damaged by loss of the harder surface of the bricks which had been provided by their original firing. Once the softer indwelling brick has been capable, the bricks entrust be more inc lie to absorb water and to suffer water and frost damage. Sandblasting brick is considered a poor pract applesauce in building run and maintenance.Spalling bricksSpalling is caused by water and frost, such as water leaking into a brick structure at any entry point a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and door penetrat ions. plainly beware to the highest degree caulking brick.Exfoliating-rust damage to brickMasonry wall occur these defects when brick walls have been haywirely caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The most common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel over a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. moisture penetrating the brick wall through with(predicate) cracks or daub joints is trapped most the steel lintel. Rust developing on steel lintels has tremendous lifting force as the rusting exfoliating metal go bys, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around lintel.Improper repair trench mortaron brickworkDuring repair work, tuck pointing bricks, or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard mortar with high portland sate mortar on soft brick in a climate exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content authority that the mortar bequeath be not only harder, just now more waterproof than the surrounding brick. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freeze leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is curiously likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft.Salts on brickworkSalts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas brininess can behave from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damaging because it creates a steady expansion of crystals inwardly the bricks. This can eventually force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulfates can be introduced when flu gasses condense. This is a common def ect where a chimney has been certain(a) without adequate ventilation.Efflorescence on brickworkEfflorescence appears as a whiteness powdery deposit on the brick. It is a phenomenon that dissolvable slats dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form an ugly scum. Without water efflorescence cannot occur. The fat-soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated melody, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To belittle the risk (it can never be completely vacateed in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is possible, to avoid saturation. In other words good overhangs, copings and sills with drips all take to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its way by sponging ingest the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial modifyting) or dry brush with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks.Frost Attack on brickworkFrost glide path often occurs when very cold weather immediately follows a very wet spell. When porous materials become saturated and the temperature drops below freezing the formation of ice causes stresses which some bricks cannot be resist and chap or spalling occurs. Clay bricks are classified as frost resistant, moderately frost resistant, and not frost resistant. Calcium silicate bricks are not generally at risk although it is rash to specify bricks with a compressive strength.Thermal movement on brickworkEvery materials expand or contracts as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different rates when they abide similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximate ly. When determine the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is important to remember the returns of the sun on materials. The capacity from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above 100 FThermal expansion failures in structural or veneer brick wallsA separate factor that can cause very super movements and extended damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the caloric expansion which occurs across a long or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure.Significant breaks and gapsat vertical brick mortar joints due to thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage. impression of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure1 Significant breaksHorizontal slip breaksin brick mortar joints,exposing reinforcing w ire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more pressure on the mortar joint.Photograph of a collapsed brick strudctural wallFigure2 Horizontal breaksStep crackingfollowing mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls contiguous at right angles the middle section of the long brick wall.Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure3 Step crackingCracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings.Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure 4 Cracks and broken bricks(InspectApedia, 2007)Moisture movement on brickworkMoisture affects all porous masonry materials, including brick, mortar and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These pictures must(prenominal)(prenominal) be considered when a combination of these materials is used, such as when brick rests on a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the same wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. after their initial mixing or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units cut back as the curing of the Portland cement proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is becomed in design.Sulphate attack on brickworkMost ordinary clay bricks engage sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water in water, calcium sulphate being less(prenominal) soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are liable to sulphate attack. The most vulnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and restriction walls but sulp hate attack is a problem also on rendered, and on facing brickwork.On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly flat and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two material. (H.J.Eldridge,B.Sc.1976) calx staining on brickworkLime staining occurs when calcium hydroxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is just about insoluble and can only be removed by secure and courtly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sourcescalcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cementfrom hydrated lime added to mortarfrom brickwork in contact with wet concreteporosity on brickPorosity is an important characteristi c of brick. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of brick is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary vessel effect, the rate of moisture transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The ability to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This distinctive property makes brick an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all porous materials are sensitized to chemical attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like rain, running water and polluted air.Crack in brick faces/firecracksThe finished appearance of clay brick can vary greatly, this is because dependant on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products c ontain cracks of change degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually perceptible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process becoming visible after bricks are laid as a issuing of natural weathering of exposed brickwork.Dampness of the brick wallMore or less permanent dampness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a superlative degree of about 750mm, but may be higher in solemn cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed off the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are overlook of dpc (damp proof course), by-passing of the dpc, Failure of the dpc material.Brick growth and expansion gaps in brickworkBricks tolera te long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. envisioners can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and spacing of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between separate of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and embroilThe change in size of building materials with temperature, loading conditions and moisture contentThe differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, whilst clay bricks expand slowly over time)Foundation and footings movementFrame movementFrame shorteningTemperature movementInternal horizontal and vertical movementCauses of the brickwork defectsIntroductionBrick deeds are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. insufficiency of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the moment of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents.After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently.In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to take the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen.Selection of bricksThe choice of bricks is often influenced by the pr ice but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects developing during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a trade-off between appearance and strong suit requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other.This is not always possible to tax the quality of bricks by the colour, variability of colour of bricks of the same source and order of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations.Storage of bricksBricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the lack of adequate protection on the site are rarely apparent in the first place use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be responsible for both subsequent efflorescence and decoration defects. water-soluble Salts in BricksUnder burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come fr om the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are make in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks.Sulphate attackSulphates are salts which are of course present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will act slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a compound called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to expend and eventually disintegrate.Solar Radiationdarn drying out of reproach by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be affected and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north western corner of the building. (Greg Loveder, 2000)Migration of moistureThe movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon know as long term bean plant and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the territorial dominion caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner.plant of treeSome of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees root that plant nearby the building area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, t he roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking.Uneven settlement of foundationsWhere a particular monstrous load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This integration will stop when the soil has finally compacted decent to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction.Excessive oscillationDamage caused by vibration from earth tremors, heavy traffic or pile driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to actually cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Greg Loveder, 2000)Additional buildingBuilding an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that whi ch is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks.Approach of designDesign of brick wall is very important. The designer must have the knowledge about the brick experience in chosen the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the rule of construct the brick wall.Lack experience of workerWorkers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addition, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall stiffness of masonr y fell, gray mortar joints crack.OverloadingCracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to retrogress to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results.Lack of maintenance guardianship must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for seriously defects happen. Lack of maintenance will make a small cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious.Improper soil analysis and preparationWhen a constructor chooses an area of land to build on, it is i mportant to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction dodging that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of blabbermouthed soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and then shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inescapably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this is very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time.Negligence of construction lax construction is an unfo rtunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a contractor or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install floor tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine.Movement of the groundMining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become displaced from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done.Acid rainAcid rain is precipitation that is much more venomousic than normal rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur an d nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective radioactive decay of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the chalky components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more seriously affected, depending on their relative porosity.Environment both aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wi nd may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (A.M.Swoden, 1990)Remedies method of the brickwork defects in buildingIntroductionAs known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly.If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healthy purposes.Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007)In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself.Remedies of efflorescenceEfflorescence can be minimized by place dry bricks and by speeding up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing good ventilation. The salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not rec ommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then shnorr the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction schnorr. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in fresh water.Remedies of sulphate attackThe effects of sulphate attack manifest themselves as expansion of the jointing mortar. On rendered walls the signs are horizontal cracking of the rendering with portions falling off. Advanced stages of attack may make the structure unsafe. When rebuilding is necessary, the bricks use should be of low sulphate content and the mortar should be of a mix of 116 sulphate-resistance Portland cement hydrated lime sand. In addition, care should be taken to exclude all conditions of dampness. On rendered walls, the rendering should be removed and the brickwork allowed to dry before reapplying a weaker mix of sulphate-resistance cement, lime and sand.Tackling DecayWhere decay has occurred, take action to rectify the damage will be necessary before this leads to greater problems. The use of chemical treatments to stabilize brick should only be considered with extreme caution. Whilst the defects may be effective initially, there has been insufficient research carried out on the possible long term damage such treatments could have. chemical substance sealants can trap moisture within the brick just as effectively as the claims to keep water out.CleaningCleaning soiled brick buildings should be undertaken carefully. In the past, the use of inappropriate cleaning techniques has resulted in considerable damage being done. If considered essential small scale tests should be employed to measure out the effectiveness and likely damage which could be caused before any large scale work is carried out. There are some guides when doing the cleaning works-Do not re-clean brickwork with the same chemicals unless recommended by the cleani

Inclusive School Communities Essay example -- Inclusion Education Clas

Inclusive School Communities bingle of the most significant and controversial trends in education today is the comprehension of children and youth with disabilities into ecumenic education classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of educating both students unheeding of disability in the same classroom as students without disabilities. Though the term is relatively new, the underlying principle is not, and reflects the belief that students with disabilities should be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE), or as close to the mainstream of cosmopolitan education as possible. The LRE principle is one of the key components of federal special education law. Advocates of inclusion body body debate that in most cases, if not all, the LRE for students with disabilities should be the general education classroom, not only for students with mild disabilities but for all students, regardless of the severity of the disability. Inclusion supporters contend that educ ation in the general education classroom will result not only in superior educational outcomes for students with disabilities but also other positive developmental outcomes such as increased socialization (Hunt and Goetz, 1997). Additionally, many advocates of inclusion believe that inclusion not only benefits students with disabilities, but also students without disabilities (Staub, 1995). While proponents of inclusion have often focused on the social benefits for children and youth with disabilities, curiously the idea that it promotes social interactions mingled with students with and without disabilities, critics have pointed to the possible disruption that inclusion may have on the overall quality of education for students without disabilities. However, thither is litt... ...arson/Allyn and Bacon.Stainback, W. C., & Stainback, S. (1990). Support Networks for Inclusive Schooling Interdependent Integrated Education. Baltimore, MD capital of Minnesota H. BrookesStaub, D. ( 1995). Qualitative research on school inclusion What do we come? What do we need to find out? Paper presented at the one-year Conference of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, San Fransisco, CA, November 30-December 2, 1995)Staub, D., & Peck, C. A. (1994-1995). What are the outcomes for nondisabled students? Educational Leadership, 52, 36-40.Voeltz, L. M., & Brennan, J. (1983). Analysis of the interactions between nonhandicapped and severely handicapped peers using multiple measures. In Perspectives and Progress in Mental Retardation, ChapterVI Social Psychology and Educational Aspects, edited by J. M. Berg. Baltimore, MD University Park Press.

Of Nightingales That Weep by Katherine Paterson Essay -- Of Nightingal

Of Nightingales That Weep Chapter 1This chapter is virtually Takiko and her first family home. It tells a lot about(predicate) her family. They talk about the struggle In this chapter also. Takikos mother decides that she will remarry after her get down dies. Takikos finds out that her father is died.Chapter 2This chapter the book tells about Goro who is Takikos stepfather. Takiko finds out that Goro is a injured man. She thinks it will be very ruffianly to live with Goro because of his problem.Chapter 3This chapter tells about Takiko living with Goro for a few months now. It tells how the family has a party for the late year, and they hope that the family will work out.Chapter 4This chapter is about the child that Takikos mother has. She has the baby with Goro. This is when Takiko thinks about her future and she wants to devote the farm and go on into the city and start a new life there.Chapter 5This chapter is about when Takiko starts her new free life in the capital. She fi nds a job with the Emperor and makes money to survive on. The job is that she is a servant for the Emperor. She also plays as a musician playing her Kyoto.Chapter 6In this chapter Takiko plays the Kyoto in from of a large audience that gathered ripe to here her play on it. This is a trial or a test to see if she belongs at the capital.Chapter 7In this chapter a state of war becomes abrupt into the capital, and it forces everyone to leave. Takikos mother hears about it and tells her husband t...

summer :: essays research papers

Gabriela Summer When I first started reading Summer I was tone for a typical beloved fabrication, and I was glad that it didnt sort of caper out that way. In the beginning I was just waiting for something to happen, it was a little boring. However, as I read on the book grew more(prenominal) and more interesting. If I could ask the author a few questions I would ask him why did he want that ending? All of a sudden the happy couple is the two people who hated separately other throughout the whole story, and he neer mentioned what happened to Charity and Lucius baby. alike, wherefore was the book c whollyed Summer? Other than the season this book took place in, did it wee anything to do with the characters, or the plot? The main character is Charity Royall, she was brought pot from the potentiometer by Mr. Royall, and he has been her guardian and rival ever since. In the story Charity meets a young man, Lucius Harney, who she falls madly in love with. He ends up leaving pr omising her he will keep abreast back and marry her, right before she finds out he is the pay back to the baby in her womb. However Charity finds out that Lucius is engaged and is about(predicate) to marry another women so without telling him the truth she tells him to marry her, and she escapes to the mountain where she always thought she belonged. Mr.Royall came for her the next morning after her mothers death, and took her to the city so they could be wed, despite how much she thought she hated him she saw all the good he brought her. Charity versed that veritable love, could be where she never thought to ever look. She learned that the mountain was no place for her, and she subsists why he mother didnt want her to live up there. I learned that in order to find true love you need to know soulfulness who will always secure you and be around, not someone who will have another women on the side, and promise to end it for you. Also never get pregnant with a man youre not unif y to first, to save all the awkwardness from your new husband. The theme of this story is true love, and summer romance. In my life there is no true love, world that Im only fourteen, but I know about summer romances.

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay -- Philosophy of E

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement I call back that each nestling is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating air travel in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, socially, and academically. It is my desire as a prospective educator to help students come upon their fullest potential by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites a sharing of ideas. There are two elements that I believe are essential to establishing such an environment, (1) allowing the childs subjective curiosity to leave his/her learning, and (2) promoting respect for all things and all people. Giving children the fortune to study things that are meaningful and relevant to ones smell and interests is what progressivism is all about. I believe education should be child-centered and focused on having students acquire chore solving skills. For a child to have a successful educational experien ce, their curriculum must be individualized to meet their needs and interests. Children should be encouraged to improve, but not pushed to achieve outgoing the level reserve for them at a particular time. If curriculum is relate to life experiences that a child understands, it leave be easier for them to comprehend and it will have more than lasting meaning to them. Another aspect of progressivism that I will arrest in my classroom, is teaching my students about multiculturalism, including peop... My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement experiment -- Philosophy of EMy Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement I believe that each child is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, socially, and academically. It is my desire as a future educator to help students meet their fullest potential by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites a sharing of ideas. There are two elements that I believe are essential to establishing such an environment, (1) allowing the childs natural curiosity to direct his/her learning, and (2) promoting respect for all things and all people. Giving children the opportunity to study things that are meaningful and relevant to ones life and interests is what progressivism is all about. I believe education should be child-centered and focused on having students acquire problem solving skills. For a child to have a successful educational experience, their curriculum must be individualized to meet their needs and interests. Children should be encouraged to improve, but not pushed to achieve past the level appropriate for them at a particular time. If curriculum is related to life experiences that a child understands, it will be easier for them to comprehend and it will have more lasting meaning to them. Another aspect of progressivi sm that I will incorporate in my classroom, is teaching my students about multiculturalism, including peop...